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Constantine Scollen
Father Con Scollen OMI. (4 April 1841 – 8 November 1902) was an Irish Catholic, Missionary Oblate priest who lived among and evangelised the Blackfoot, Cree and Métis peoples on the Canadian Prairies and in northern Montana. Later he worked among the native peoples of the USA on missions in what is now North Dakota, Wyoming, Nebraska and Kansas. He is particularly remembered for having the first building erected (by Alexis Cardinal, a Cree speaking Metis) in what is now, Calgary, Alberta, in 1872. In 1876 he was an unofficial interpreter for some of the Plains Cree Chiefs (Peter Erasmus Jnr., a half Danish Metis, Methodist minister, was interpreter for the other chiefs and Governor Morris) and witness to Treaty 6 between the Cree and the Canadian government. (The Woods and Swampy Cree made a separate treaty with the Canadian government) He was an unpaid consultant to the Canadian government prior to the signing of Treaty 7 with the Blackfoot Confederacy, in 1877 and was again an unofficial interpreter and witness. Jean L'heureux became official interpreter because of the shortcomings of Jerry Potts. Scollen took great care to avoid politics but following the failure of the Dominion government to fulfill its treaty obligations, he became very outspoken, on behalf of the native peoples and remained so for the rest of his life. In 1870, he had spent the winter at Rocky Mountain House, co-writing a Cree language grammar and dictionary with his mentor, fellow Oblate and friend, Father Albert Lacombe. His considerable contribution was not acknowledged on publication. (''"Dictionnaire de la langue du Cris.1874", "Grammaire de la Langue Cris.1874", "Instructions en Langue Crise sur toute la Doctrine Catholic.1875" and "Petite Manuel pour appredre a lire Langue Crise 1886"'') There was a further, much later publication entitled "Prieres Cantiques, Catechisme en Langue Crise 1980" which was derived from the original work but accredited to Lacombe only. He also wrote a book of 75 sermons in Cree, for Oblate, Father Joseph Dupin. In 1883, he wrote a Blackfoot dictionary and grammar for Oblate Fathers Leon Doucet and Emile-Joseph Legal and to Father Lacombe he gave a grammar, catechism and hymns, in Blackfoot, all written and composed by him. Being a capable violinist, he also wrote the music. In Wyoming between 1889 and 1893, he created an Arapaho alphabet and orthology. It was possibly the first example of a written form of the language for which he used some of the symbols, invented by an English Methodist missionary in Canada, which he had adapted and used for his five earlier Canadian First Nation languages. His original notebook is in the Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC. Scollen was a polymath. In addition to his outstanding linguistic skills, he was a Scholar in music, history and theology and a skilled writer in numerous languages. He had an extraordinary talent for languages and became the foremost linguist in the Oblates of Mary Immaculate, in Canada. In addition to his bi-lingual childhood tongues of Erse (Irish) and English he was fluent in Greek, Latin, French, Italian, German and the First Nations languages of Cree, Chippewa (Ojibwe), Blackfoot, Sarcee, Assiniboine and Arapaho. (Most of these native languages belong to the Algonquin family) He taught English to his fellow missionaries (who were all native French speakers) and First Nation languages to new arrivals. He was the only native English speaking Oblate priest among his exclusively French and French Canadian fellow priests, in Rupert's Land and the Northwest Territories and was the first priest to establish a mission for and live among the Blackfoot people, in Canada. (Albert Lacombe had been a visiting missionary to the Canadian Blackfoot prior to Scollen and the Jesuits had spent many years among the Piegan Blackfoot, Southern Piikani, below the international border in the now Montana, USA). Scollen's intervention with his friend ''Isapo-Muxika'', Chief Crowfoot of the Blackfoot Confederacy in 1879, near Fort Macleod and again with ''Kesayiwew'', Chief Bobtail (Alexis Piche) of the Cree in 1885, at Bears' Hill, near Edmonton, helped to avoid bloodshed, in both instances. He was also a good friend of ''Wikaskokiseyin'', Chief Sweet Grass, also Cree, together with ''Sotenah'', Rainy Chief, head chief of the North Piegans (Kainai or Bloods). He was also acquainted with Sitting Bull when in exile in Canada. During his years among the Blackfoot peoples he was loyally supported by Fr Leon Doucet who was based at Our Lady of Peace Mission near Calgary.
Scollen lived through a traumatic period for the native peoples of Canada. When he arrived in Edmonton in 1862, the people were fit and healthy and their lives were based around the buffalo (bison). They were free to follow the herds across the prairies and the buffalo were abundant. By the time he left, in 1887, their lives had been changed forever. The buffalo herds had gone. The people had been devastated by alcohol, disease, starvation and exploitation. Their land had been taken from them, by Canada. They could no longer roam freely and were restricted to living on reserves. Their lives were ruled by government appointed “Indian agents” and farm managers who often used their positions to exploit the people and divert the meagre resources, intended for those people, to their own use. The government also failed to meet their treaty obligations. Often, provisions were inadequate and tools were of poor quality and quantity. Living amongst the Blackfoot Confederacy, in the now South Alberta and Montana, ( the land of the Whisky Traders known as the Whoop Up Trail) Scollen was a witness to all of this and spoke out for justice for the native peoples, to his great cost. Without knowing it, he was a “Revolutionary Priest” although, a believer in non-violence.
==The missing manuscript==
Scollen's scholarly work, "Thirty Years Among the Indians of the North West," extending to 250 pages, was never published. On his death in Dayton, Ohio, in 1902, the precious manuscript was taken into the safekeeping of his friend, Rev. Fr. Anthony Stanislaus Siebenfoercher, pastor of Immaculate Conception Church, Kenton, Hardin County, Ohio. Fr Siebenfoercher died in Dayton, Ohio on 8 November 1911. At the time he was taken ill, in 1908, he was the Spiritual Director of Athenaeum of Ohio-Mount St. Mary Seminary, Cincinnati. His papers would also have included Father Scollen's manuscript. During his three years in St Elizabeth hospital, Dayton, it is possible that the seminary would have placed his papers in safe storage, awaiting his return. Unfortunately, he died in 1911, still at the hospital and the seminary now has no record of what happened to them. To date, no-one has been able to discover the whereabouts of these important historical and anthropological documents. When Siebenfoercher died, he had a surviving sister, Mary, living in Tiffin, Ohio. Mary was the widow of John A. Canter (Snr) and she died in 1922. She was possibly, living with her son Anthony Richard Canter and he died in 1943. A genealogical enquiry traced Mary's great grandson, John Domann, living in California in early 2012 but the family had no knowledge of what had happened to the papers. Around 2011, the Wyoming Newspaper Project digitised the records of newspapers throughout the state. These included those of the "Bulletin", a weekly newspaper published in Buffalo, Wyoming to which, during 1893 and 1894, Scollen wrote a series of forty two letters based on his journals and his manuscript.
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